Synchrophasor Measurement Using Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices: Algorithms and Test Methodology

This dissertation studies the performance of synchrophasor measurement obtained using substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and proposes new algorithms and test methodology to improve and verify their performance when used in power system applications. To improve the dynamic performance when exposed to sinusoidal waveform distortions, such as modulation, frequency drift, abrupt change in magnitude, etc, an adaptive approach for accurately estimating phasors while eliminating the effect of various transient disturbances on voltages and currents is proposed. The algorithm pre-analyzes the waveform spanning the window of observation to identify and localize the discontinuities which affect the accuracy of phasor computation. A quadratic polynomial signal model is used to improve the accuracy of phasor estimates during power oscillations. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the advantages. This algorithm can also be used as reference algorithm for testing the performance of the devices extracting synchronized phasor measurements. A novel approach for estimating the phasor parameters, namely frequency, magnitude and angle in real time based on a newly constructed recursive wavelet transform is developed. This algorithm is capable of estimating the phasor parameters in a quarter cycle of an input signal. It features fast response and achieves high accuracy over a wide range of frequency deviations. The signal sampling rate and data window size can be selected to meet desirable application requirements, such as fast response, high accuracy and low computational burden. In addition, an approach for eliminating a decaying DC component, which has significant impact on estimating phasors, is proposed using recursive wavelet transform. This dissertation develops test methodology and tools for evaluating the conformance to standard-define performance for synchrophasor measurements. An interleaving technique applied on output phasors can equivalently increase the reporting rate and can precisely depict the transient behavior of a synchrophasor unit under the step input. A reference phasor estimator is developed and implemented. Various types of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and PMU-enabled IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) and time synchronization options have been tested against the standards using the proposed algorithm. Test results demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages

Risk Assessment and Mapping of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease at the County Level in Mainland China Using Spatiotemporal Zero-Inflated Bayesian Hierarchical Models

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a worldwide infectious disease, prominent in China. China’s HFMD data are sparse with a large number of observed zeros across locations and over time. However, no previous studies have considered such a zero-inflated problem on HFMD’s spatiotemporal risk analysis and mapping, not to mention for the entire Mainland China at county level. Monthly county-level HFMD cases data combined with related climate and socioeconomic variables were collected. We developed four models, including spatiotemporal Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models under the Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework to explore disease spatiotemporal patterns. The results showed that the spatiotemporal ZINB model performed best. Both climate and socioeconomic variables were identified as significant risk factors for increasing HFMD incidence. The relative risk (RR) of HFMD at the local scale showed nonlinear temporal trends and was considerably spatially clustered in Mainland China. The first complete county-level spatiotemporal relative risk maps of HFMD were generated by this study. The new findings provide great potential for national county-level HFMD prevention and control, and the improved spatiotemporal zero-inflated model offers new insights for epidemic data with the zero-inflated problem in environmental epidemiology and public health

Combination of TRAIL and actinomycin D liposomes enhances antitumor effect in non-small cell lung cancer

The intractability of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to multimodality treatments plays a large part in its extremely poor prognosis. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cytokine for selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells; however, many NSCLC cell lines are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The therapeutic effect can be restored by treatments combining TRAIL with chemotherapeutic agents. Actinomycin D (ActD) can sensitize NSCLC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulation of death receptor 4 (DR4) or 5 (DR5). However, the use of ActD has significant drawbacks due to the side effects that result from its nonspecific biodistribution in vivo. In addition, the short half-life of TRAIL in serum also limits the antitumor effect of treatments combining TRAIL and ActD. In this study, we designed a combination treatment of long-circulating TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes with the aim of resolving these problems. The combination of TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes had a synergistic cytotoxic effect against A-549 cells. The mechanism behind this combination treatment includes both increased expression of DR5 and caspase activation. Moreover, systemic administration of the combination of TRAIL liposomes and ActD liposomes suppressed both tumor formation and growth of established subcutaneous NSCLC xenografts in nude mice, inducing apoptosis without causing significant general toxicity. These results provide preclinical proof-of-principle for a novel therapeutic strategy in which TRAIL liposomes are safely combined with ActD liposomes

Elastic Valley Spin Controlled Chiral Coupling in Topological Valley Phononic Crystals

Distinct from the phononic valley pseudo-spin, the real physical spin of elastic waves adds a novel tool-kit capable of envisaging the valley-spin physics of topological valley phononic crystals from a local viewpoint. Here, we report the observation of local elastic valley spin as well as the hidden elastic spin-valley locking mechanism overlooked before. We demonstrate that the selective one-way routing of valley phonon states along the topological interface can be reversed by imposing the elastic spin meta-source at different interface locations with opposite valley-spin correspondence. We unveil the physical mechanism of selective directionality as the elastic spin controlled chiral coupling of valley phonon states, through both analytical theory and experimental measurement of the opposite local elastic spin density at different interface locations for different transport directions. The elastic spin of valley topological edge phonons can be extended to other topological states and offers new tool to explore topological metamaterials.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, of main text + supplementary 10 figures. To be published in Phys. Rev. Let

Impacts of Drought on Maize and Soybean Production in Northeast China During the Past Five Decades.

Climate change has a distinct impact on agriculture in China, particularly in the northeast, a key agriculture area sensitive to extreme hydroclimate events. Using monthly climate and agriculture data, the influence of drought on maize and soybean yields-two of the main crops in the region-in northeast China since 1961 to 2017 were investigated. The results showed that the temperature in the growing season increased by 1.0 °C from the period 1998-2017 to the period 1961-1980, while the annual precipitation decreased slightly. However, precipitation trends varied throughout the growing season (May-September), increasing slightly in May and June, but decreasing in July, August and September, associated with the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon. Consequently, the annual and growing season drought frequency increased by 15%, and 25%, respectively, in the period 1998-2017 relative to the period 1961-1980. The highest drought frequency (55%) was observed in September. At the same time, the drought intensity during the growing season increased by 7.8%. The increasing frequency and intensity of drought had negative influences on the two crops. During moderate drought years in the period 1961-2017, 3.2% and 10.4% of the provincial maize and soybean yields were lost, respectively. However, during more severe drought years, losses doubled for soybean (21.8%), but increased more than four-fold for maize (14.0%). Moreover, in comparison to the period 1961-1980, a higher proportion of the yields were lost in the period 1998-2017, particularly for maize, which increased by 15% (increase for soybean was 2.4%). This change largely depends on increasing droughts in August and September, when both crops are in their filling stages. The impact of drought on maize and soybean production was different during different growth stages, where a strong relationship was noted between drought and yield loss of soybean in its filling stage. Given the sensitivity of maize and soybean yields in northeast China to drought, and the observed production trends, climate change will likely have significant negative impacts on productivity in the future

Chronic oleoylethanolamide treatment attenuates diabetes-induced mice encephalopathy by triggering peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the hippocampus.

Brain is a site of diabetic end-organ damage. Diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction, referred as "diabetic encephalopathy" (DE) has been coined for the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showing decline in their cognitive function, especially weak episodic memory, cognitive inflexibility and poor psychomotor performance leading towards Alzheimer’s disease. Current evidence supported that aberrant synapses, energy metabolism imbalance, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation are associated with cognition deficits induced by diabetes. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, has anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. However, the effect of OEA on DE is unknown. Therefore, we tested its influence against cognitive dysfunction in high fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD + STZ)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J and PPARα--/- mice using Morris water maze (MWM) test. Neuron staining, dementia markers and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus were assessed to evaluate the neuropathological changes. The results showed that chronic OEA treatment significantly lowered hyperglycemia, recovered cognitive performance, reduced dementia markers, and inhibited hippocampal neuron loss and neuroplasticity impairments in diabetic mice. In contrast, the changes in MWM performance and neuron loss were not observed in PPARα knockout mice via OEA administration. These results indicated that OEA may provide a potential alternative therapeutic for DE by activating PPARα signaling

Comprehensive analysis of PRPF19 immune infiltrates, DNA methylation, senescence-associated secretory phenotype and ceRNA network in bladder cancer

BackgroundPre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) is an E3 ligase that plays a crucial role in repairing tumor-damaged cells and promoting cell survival. However, the predictive value and biological function of PRPF19 in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) require further investigation.MethodsIn this study, we utilized transcriptomic data and bladder cancer tissue microarrays to identify the high expression of PRPF19 in BLCA, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker. To gain a better understanding of the role of PRPF19 in the immune microenvironment of BLCA, we performed single cell analysis and employed the LASSO method. Additionally, we examined the methylation profiles of PRPF19 using the SMART website. Our investigation confirmed the correlation between PRPF19 and BLCA cell senescence and stemness. Furthermore, we constructed a PRPF19-miR-125a-5p-LINC02693-MIR4435-2HG ceRNA network using the ENCORI and miRWALK databases.ResultsOur comprehensive analysis reveals that PRPF19 can serve as a prognostic marker for BLCA and is significantly associated with various immune-infiltrating cells in BLCA. Moreover, our findings suggest that PRPF19 influences cellular senescence through the regulation of stemness. Finally, we developed a ceRNA network that has the potential to predict the prognosis of BLCA patients.ConclusionWe confirmed the prognostic value and multiple biological functions of PRPF19 in BLCA. Furthermore, the specific ceRNA network can be used as a potential therapeutic target for BLCA

Pyrimido[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidin‐4(1 H )‐one Derivatives as Selective Inhibitors of EGFR Threonine 790 to Methionine 790 (T790M) Mutants

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99673/1/8545_ftp.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/99673/2/ange_201302313_sm_miscellaneous_information.pd